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Black carbon results from incomplete combustion of stubble which has been cited as one of the major air pollutants, especially in Indo Gangetic plains (IGPs) of India. It was estimated that around 149.24 million tones (MT) of CO2, 0.25 MT of SOx, 1.28 MT of particulate matter (PM), more than 9 MT of CO, and 0.07 MT of black carbon were released from the burning of crop residue. The situation is worse in IGPs because of the extensive rice-wheat rotation process that produces a huge surplus of stubbles. Every year, approximately 84 MT (23.86%) of rice and wheat residue is burned in the field after harvest. It affects air quality, soil fertility, human health, and climate. Despite the fact that burning of crop residue is illegal under section 188 of the IPC (Indian Penal Code) and the Air and Pollution Control Act of 1981. Alternative management practices include incorporating stubble into the soil and using stubble as a fuel source in power plants, raw material in the pulp and paper industry, and biomass for biofuel production. Indian farmers are unaware of productive alternatives for stubble management; extensive awareness programs are required to help farmers understand the availability of economically viable alternatives as well as the combined impacts of stubble burning.

Keywords: Stubble burning, residue management, emission 

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11. Black Carbon Emiittor – Stubble Burning and Its Mitigation_compressed.pdf