Conventional or customary agriculture refers to traditional farming practices that rely on established methods, such as manual or animal-powered tillage, and often involve the use of synthetic herbicides, insecticides, and fertilizers to increase agricultural yields and guard against diseases and pests while modern agriculture is characterized by the integration of advanced technologies, sustainable practices, and data-driven decision-making. It often involves the use of precision farming techniques, genetic engineering, and a focus on resource efficiency to enhance productivity while minimizing environmental impact. The shift from conventional or customary to modern agriculture is seen as a necessary evolution to ensure the long-term viability of food production while minimizing environmental impact and addressing the challenges posed by a growing global population and changing climate.