---

ABSTRACT

The growing problem of soil salinization is one of the most devastating and drastic abiotic stress in global agriculture production. The major soluble salt NaCl in soil has the most detrimental effects upon accumulation of Na+ and Cl- ions in plants and causes multifarious negative effects in plants by imposing hyper-osmotic, hyper-ionic, and oxidative stresses. Plants established the principal mechanisms for survival, adaptation, and multiplication under salinity stress, which are ion homeostasis and tissue tolerance by compartmentalization, osmotic tolerance by biosynthesis of osmoprotectants, oxidative tolerance by activation of antioxidant enzymes, plant growth hormones, synthesis of polyamines, and generation of signaling molecules (H2S and NO). These defense mechanisms play critical roles in plant adaptation to salinity stress by involving complex responses at a cellular, physiological, metabolic, molecular, and whole-plant levels. This article provides a comprehensive understanding of the principle mechanisms of salinity stress tolerance for the development of salt-tolerant varieties of crop plants.

Keywords: salinity, stress, ion homeostasis

---

Principal Mechanism of Salinity Stress Tolerance in Plants_compressed.pdf