Apr , 2022, Volume : 3 Article : 6
Goat Farming Project Plan: Economics and Profitability
Author : Upali Kisku and Amit Kumar Singh
ABSTRACT
Goat husbandry is getting good momentum in India due to its ability to provide meat, milk, skin, manure, etc. and considerable income generation and food safety. Goat rearing may add to the income of farmers. Any person with little or no experience can go into in this venture. Goat rearing may work as insurance during the times of crop failure. There is a great demand for a detailed article on project plan for 1 male and 20 female goat especially for the farmers who are planning to enter into this venture. This article is anticipated to enlighten the farmers with basic concepts of project plan for 1 male and 20 female goat. Thereafter they may increase or maintain the flock as per their suitability to generate considerable income from goat rearing.
Keywords: Goat husbandry, farmers, income, India
Goats are among the main meat-producing animals in India, whose meat (chevon) is one of the choicest meats and has huge domestic demand particularly due to its nutritional value and also it is free from any religious taboo (Singh, 2018; Lalhriatpuii and Singh, 2021). Besides meat, goats provide other products like milk, skin, fibre and manure. Goat farming is a suitable practice for farmers who have small piece of land for farming. Goats are important part of rural economy, mostly in the arid, semi-arid and mountainous regions of the country. The popularity and rising demand for mutton has led to the commercial farming of goats, especially for meat. In Indian situations, the value for chevon is relished more than chicken or beef /pork by people and the availability of mutton is less than the demand. India occupies first position in terms of goat population and milk production. Goat plays a significant role in providing supplementary income and livelihood to millions of resource poor farmers and landless labourers of rural India. It is capable of contributing a lot to the economy and nutrition of the country. Scanty articles are present which clearly discusses the project details for a considerable income generating through goat husbandry for rising farmers. This article is formulated to provide basic details for goat (20 female and 1 male) rearing.
Factors considered for setting of 21 goats (1 male and 20 female)
Breeding
Selection of the breed is very important for starting a new enterprise and should be done as per requirement of farmer. Jamunapari is a very well suited breed for commercial dairy and meat farming. Beetal breed is used for milk and meat production with high quality skin. Barbari is a dual purpose breed and well adapted for Indian condition. Black Bengal (Figure 1) is one of the widely used breed which can adapt to any environment easily with high disease resistance and it is most productive among other Indian goat breeds.
Feeding
Goats can graze on very short grasses and browse foliages of trees and plants. They spend 5-8 hours ongrazing and browsing for their maintenance requirement (Singh, 2018). They relish leguminous fodders like Lucerne, Berseem, Green Arhar, Cowpea, Methi, and Soybean more than non-leguminous fodders like Sorghum, Maize, Oats, Bajra, etc. They relish variety of shrubs and weeds; and leaves of trees like Babul, Neem, Subabul, Ber, Tamarind, etc. They seldom like silage or straw. The offered feeds should be chaffed and freshly harvested (Figure 2) free from any unwanted molds or fungus, or any other unwanted substances.
Nutritional requirement of goats :
Concentrate feed required per goat= 1.5% of the body weight
Dry matter feed required per goat= 5-6 % of the body weight
Maize fodder required for 21 goats per day= 87.5 kg
Heeding
Proper care and management of animals is important on daily basis for their better health and production quality. This practice offers a good scope for observing the animals closely for their wellbeing or any diversion from the situation of their normalcy. Heeding involves adequate livestock management practices and control over the housing, space requirements, cleaning, hygiene, veterinary aids, vaccination and health care of animals.
Housing
Suitable house for goats must be secure, dry, well ventilated, and free from parasites, and clean, well-lighted and facing (orientation of house) east-west direction in tropical climate but in temperate regions this has to be in north-south direction. The house should be able to provide protection from rain, cold, direct sunshine and winds. The inside temperature of house should remain between 15°C to 25°C. Sheds should be constructed on elevated area to prevent water stagnation. Mud floorings are suitable for most of parts of the country (except high rainfall area). Fodder trees around the shed provide good climate besides being source of feed where animals are taken for grazing during the day and sheltered during night, the covered space will be enough. However, when animals are housed intensively, the pen and run system of housing is suitable. The optimum length and breadth of the shelter may be 12m and 8 m, respectively. The height at eves and ridge should be as 2.5 and 3.5 m with overhang as 1 m and height of chain link for open space as 1.2 m. Low cost housing may be constructed on a raised platform (about 1m height from ground level) by using bamboo/wooden poles or ‘pukka’ building by establishing concrete pillars. Floors and side walls can be made of wooden material. Roof can be thatched with coconut leaves, grass or asbestos sheet. Average floor space per kid is 0.75 to 1 sq. meter. Floor should have at least 1 cm space between bamboos/wooden planks to allow passage of dung and urine down to the ground.
Space requirement
The floor space requirements as per BIS standards are 1.8 m2 for buck in groups, 3.2 m2 for individual buck, 0.4 m2 for kid in group, 0.8 m2 for weaned in group, 0.9 m2 for yearling, 1.0 m2 for doe in group and 1.5 m2 for doe with kid. Table 1 shows space requirements for mangers and water troughs for the goats. Figure 3 shows a graphical sketch for typical housing of goats.
Table 1: Space requirements for goats and kids along with the dimensions of mangers and water trough
|
Type of animal |
Space per animal (cm) |
Width of manger/water trough (cm) |
Depth of manger/ water trough (cm) |
Height of inner wall of manger/water trough (cm) |
|
Goat |
40-50 |
50 |
30 |
35 |
|
Kid |
30-35 |
50 |
20 |
25 |
Source: http://www.agritech.tnau.ac.in/
Cleaning
The goat shed, floor and farm equipment like drinkers, feeders must be cleaned regularly and dried all the time. The place of kidding must be well cleaned and disinfected and the placenta should be disposed-off. Cleanliness and feeding plenty of greens will reduce the goaty smell from the breeding buck. Grooming/brushing should be done every day to keep the animals clean and free from parasites.
Veterinary aids and health care
Occurrence of disease can cause great loss to the goat farmer. Animal showing abnormal behavior should be immediately separated out from the flock. Unexpected changes in the ration, poor nutrition, and unhygienic conditions in the animal sheds, contaminated feed and fodder are some of the important reasons causing morbidity and mortality in goats. Pregnant female goats and newly born kids should get more attention in terms of feed and health check-ups. Knowledge of symptoms of various diseases will help in deciding appropriate line of treatment. Overcrowding should be avoided by providing optimum floor space.
Vaccination
It is better to have prevention against ailments and diseases rather than to treat them. Timely vaccination, deworming and routine examinations must be done to ensure the health status of the animal. Table 2 and 3 shows recommended vaccination and prophylactic (for Endo and Ecto-parasitic infections) schedule for goats.
Table 2: Recommended vaccination schedule for goats
|
Disease |
Vaccine |
Month |
Dose & route |
|
Enterotoxaemia |
Multi compound |
February |
2.5 ml s/c |
|
FMD |
Polyvalent |
June |
2-3 ml s/c |
|
Hemorrhagic septicemia |
Oil adjuvant |
July |
2.0 ml s/c |
|
Goat pox |
Pox vaccine |
September |
0.5 ml s/c |
|
PPR |
PPR vaccine |
Any time |
1.0 ml s/c |
Table 3: Recommended Prophylactic schedule for Endo and Ecto-parasitic infections
|
Type of Infection |
Age of the animal |
Duration |
|
Coccidial |
2-6 months of age |
6 days in continuation |
|
Gastro-intestinal |
After 5 months of age |
Before and after monsoon |
|
Lice |
At any age |
Before and after monsoon |
|
Tick |
At any age |
During monsoon |
Weeding
The aim of weeding is to eradicate a host species, to prevent the pathogen entering and contaminating new individuals and herd population. Culling of sick animal must be done by separating them from the flock to ensure good health of other animals.
Kidding
The kidding percentage of Jamunapari breed is considered as 50% each in twins and single. Starting a flock with 20 does and 1 buck, approx. 27 kids will be remaining after 1 year considering maximum mortality rate as 10 %.
Some assumed details and selling price of products and by-products through goat rearing
• Milk- Rs.100/ liter
• Milk yield/day/doe- 500ml
• Lactation length- 130 days/ year
• Meat- Rs.650/ kg
• Sale of live animal- Rs. 300/ kg live body weight
• Manure- Rs5000/ tonne
• Sale of Breeding Male goat- Rs.10,000/ unit,
Breeding Female goat- Rs.8500/ unit
Cost of production
Capital (fixed) cost of investment
|
Cost of 21 goats @ Rs.10000/ doe and @Rs.12000/ Buck |
Rs.2,12,000
|
|
Cost of goat shed @ Rs.35/ unit (15sq.ft/ buck, 15sq.ft/ doe, 4sq.ft/ kid)
|
Rs.14,805 |
|
Cost of equipment like feeding containers, rope, chains, chaff cutter etc.
|
Rs.20,000 |
|
Miscellaneous |
Rs.5000 |
|
Insurance for animals @ 5% |
Rs.10600 |
|
Depreciation charges for animals @10% |
Rs.21200 |
|
Depreciation cost for shed and equipment @ 10 % |
Rs.3523 |
|
Total capital investment |
Rs.2, 87, 128 |
Operational (Variable) cost-
|
Parameters |
Quantity |
Expenditure (Rs.) |
|
Feeding cost |
|
|
|
Maize fodder cultivation per acre per year @ Rs.5000/ acre |
5 |
25, 000 |
|
Concentrate feed for 21 goats for 365 days @300g/animal/day (Rs.30/ kg) |
2299.5kg |
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